模板参数和模板参数

template<typename T> class my_array {};
 
// two type template parameters and one template template parameter:
template<typename K, typename V, template<typename> typename C = my_array>
class Map
{
    C<K> key;
    C<V> value;
};

template<class T> void f( // #1
template<int I> void f( // #2
void g() {
    f<int()>( // "int()" is both a type and an expression,
                // calls #1 because it is interpreted as a type
}

template<typename T> class X {}; // class template
 
struct A; // incomplete type
typedef struct {} B; // type alias to an unnamed type
 
int main()
{
    X<A> x1; // ok: 'A' names a type
    X<A*> x2; // ok: 'A*' names a type
    X<B> x3; // ok: 'B' names a type
}

template<typename T> class A { int x; }; // primary template
template<class T> class A<T*> { long x; }; // partial specialization
 
// class template with a template template parameter V
template<template<typename> class V> class C
{
    V<int> y; // uses the primary template
    V<int*> z; // uses the partial specialization
};
 
C<A> c; // c.y.x has type int, c.z.x has type long

template<typename T> struct eval; // primary template 
 
template<template<typename, typename...> class TT, typename T1, typename... Rest>
struct eval<TT<T1, Rest...>> {}; // partial specialization of eval
 
template<typename T1> struct A;
template<typename T1, typename T2> struct B;
template<int N> struct C;
template<typename T1, int N> struct D;
template<typename T1, typename T2, int N = 17> struct E;
 
eval<A<int>> eA; // ok: matches partial specialization of eval
eval<B<int, float>> eB; // ok: matches partial specialization of eval
eval<C<17>> eC; // error: C does not match TT in partial specialization because
                // TT's first parameter is a type template parameter,
                // while 17 does not name a type
eval<D<int, 17>> eD; // error: D does not match TT in partial specialization
                     // because TT's second parameter is a type parameter pack,
                     // while 17 does not name a type
eval<E<int, float>> eE; // error: E does not match TT in partial specialization
                        // because E's third (default) parameter is a non-type

template<class T> class A { /* ... */ };
template<class T, class U = T> class B { /* ... */ };
template <class ...Types> class C { /* ... */ };
 
template<template<class> class P> class X { /* ... */ };
X<A> xa; // OK
X<B> xb; // OK in C++14 after CWG 150
         // Error earlier: not an exact match
X<C> xc; // OK in C++14 after CWG 150
         // Error earlier: not an exact match
 
template<template<class ...> class Q> class Y { /* ... */ };
Y<A> ya; // OK
Y<B> yb; // OK
Y<C> yc; // OK
 
template<auto n> class D { /* ... */ }; // note: C++17
template<template<int> class R> class Z { /* ... */ };
Z<D> zd; // OK
 
template <int> struct SI { /* ... */ };
template <template <auto> class> void FA(  // note: C++17
FA<SI>(  // Error

template<typename T1, typename T2 = int> class A;
template<typename T1 = int, typename T2> class A;
// the above is the same as the following:
template<typename T1 = int, typename T2 = int> class A;

template<typename T = int> class X;
template<typename T = int> class X {}; // error

// class template, with a type template parameter with a default
template<typename T = float> struct B {};
 
// template template parameter T has a parameter list, which 
// consists of one type template parameter with a default
template<template<typename = float> typename T> struct A
{
    void f(
    void g(
};
 
// out-of-body member function template definitions
template<template<typename TT> class T>
void A<T>::f()
{
    T<> t; // error: TT has no default in scope
}
template<template<typename TT = char> class T>
void A<T>::g()
{
    T<> t; // ok: t is T<char>
}

class B {};
 
template<typename T> class C
{
    protected:
        typedef T TT;
};
 
template<typename U, typename V = typename U::TT> class D: public U {};
 
D<C<B>>* d; // error: C::TT is protected

#include <iostream>
 
// simple non-type template parameter
template<int N>
struct S { int a[N]; };
 
template<const char*>
struct S2 {};
 
// complicated non-type example
template
<
    char c, // integral type
    int (&ra)[5], // lvalue reference to object (of array type)
    int (*pf)(int), // pointer to function
    int (S<10>::*a)[10] // pointer to member object (of type int[10])
> struct Complicated
{
    // calls the function selected at compile time
    // and stores the result in the array selected at compile time
    void foo(char base)
    {
        ra[4] = pf(c - base
    }
};
 
S2<"fail"> s2; // error: string literal cannot be used
char okay[] = "okay"; // static object with linkage
S2< &okay[0] > s2; // error: array element has no linkage
S2<okay> s2; // works
 
int a[5];
int f(int n) { return n; }
 
int main()
{
    S<10> s; // s.a is an array of 10 int
    s.a[9] = 4;
 
    Complicated<'2', a, f, &S<10>::a> c;
    c.foo('0'
 
    std::cout << s.a[9] << a[4] << '\n';
}

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