Vector
Vector 类
Parent:ObjectIncluded modules:Enumerable
所述Vector
类表示的数学向量,这是在自己的权利是有用的,并且还构成了矩阵的行或列。
方法目录
创建一个 Vector:
- ::[]
- ::elements(array, copy = true)
- ::basis(size: n, index: k)To access elements:
- [](i)
列举元素:
- each2(v)
- collect2(v)
载体的性质:
- angle_with(v)
- ::independent?
- independent?(*vs)Vector arithmetic:
- #*(x) “is matrix or number”
- #+(v)
- #-(v)
- #/(v)
- #+@
- #-@Vector functions:
- inner_product(v), dot(v)
- cross_product(v), cross(v)
- collect
- magnitude
- map
- map2(v)
- norm
- normalize
- r
- round
- size
转换为其他数据类型:
- covector
- to_a
- coerce(other)String representations:
- to_s
- inspect
属性
elementsR
INSTANCE CREATION
公共类方法
Show source
从元素列表创建一个 Vector。
Vector[7, 4, ...]
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 1744
def Vector.[](*array)
new convert_to_array(array, false)
end
basis(size:, index:) Show source
返回一个标准基础 - n
矢量,其中 k 是索引。
Vector.basis(size:, index:) # => Vector[0, 1, 0]
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 1761
def Vector.basis(size,, index))
raise ArgumentError, "invalid size (#{size} for 1..)" if size < 1
raise ArgumentError, "invalid index (#{index} for 0...#{size})" unless 0 <= index && index < size
array = Array.new(size, 0)
array[index] = 1
new convert_to_array(array, false)
end
elements(array, copy = true) Show source
从数组创建一个向量。可选的第二个参数指定数组本身或副本是否在内部使用。
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 1752
def Vector.elements(array, copy = true)
new convert_to_array(array, copy)
end
independent?(*vs) Show source
返回true
如果所有向量都是线性无关的。
Vector.independent?(Vector[1,0], Vector[0,1])
=> true
Vector.independent?(Vector[1,2], Vector[2,4])
=> false
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 1861
def Vector.independent?(*vs)
vs.each do |v|
raise TypeError, "expected Vector, got #{v.class}" unless v.is_a?(Vector)
Vector.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless v.size == vs.first.size
end
return false if vs.count > vs.first.size
Matrix[*vs].rank.eql?(vs.count)
end
new(array) Show source
::new是私人的; 使用 Vector [] 或 :: elements 来创建。
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 1772
def initialize(array)
# No checking is done at this point.
@elements = array
end
公共实例方法
*(x) Show source
将矢量乘以x
,其中x
是数字或矩阵。
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 1921
def *(x)
case x
when Numeric
els = @elements.collect{|e| e * x}
self.class.elements(els, false)
when Matrix
Matrix.column_vector(self) * x
when Vector
Vector.Raise ErrOperationNotDefined, "*", self.class, x.class
else
apply_through_coercion(x, __method__)
end
end
+(v) Show source
矢量添加。
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 1938
def +(v)
case v
when Vector
Vector.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch if size != v.size
els = collect2(v) {|v1, v2|
v1 + v2
}
self.class.elements(els, false)
when Matrix
Matrix.column_vector(self) + v
else
apply_through_coercion(v, __method__)
end
end
+@() Show source
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 1986
def +@
self
end
-(v) Show source
矢量减法。
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 1956
def -(v)
case v
when Vector
Vector.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch if size != v.size
els = collect2(v) {|v1, v2|
v1 - v2
}
self.class.elements(els, false)
when Matrix
Matrix.column_vector(self) - v
else
apply_through_coercion(v, __method__)
end
end
-@() Show source
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 1990
def -@
collect {|e| -e }
end
/(x) Show source
矢量分割。
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 1974
def /(x)
case x
when Numeric
els = @elements.collect{|e| e / x}
self.class.elements(els, false)
when Matrix, Vector
Vector.Raise ErrOperationNotDefined, "/", self.class, x.class
else
apply_through_coercion(x, __method__)
end
end
==(other) Show source
返回true
两个向量具有相同顺序的相同元素。
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 1890
def ==(other)
return false unless Vector === other
@elements == other.elements
end
Show source
返回i
矢量的元素编号(从零开始)。
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 1782
def [](i)
@elements[i]
end
另外别名为:element, component
angle_with(v) Show source
返回与另一个向量的角度。结果在 0 ... Math :: PI 内。
Vector[1,0].angle_with(Vector[0,1])
# => Math::PI / 2
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 2095
def angle_with(v)
raise TypeError, "Expected a Vector, got a #{v.class}" unless v.is_a?(Vector)
Vector.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch if size != v.size
prod = magnitude * v.magnitude
raise ZeroVectorError, "Can't get angle of zero vector" if prod == 0
Math.acos( inner_product(v) / prod )
end
clone() Show source
返回矢量的副本。
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 1903
def clone
self.class.elements(@elements)
end
coerce(other) Show source
方法为 Ruby 类型强制提供支持。Ruby 使用这种强制机制来处理混合类型的数字操作:它旨在找到操作符的两个操作数之间的兼容通用类型。另请参阅 Numeric#coerce。
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 2144
def coerce(other)
case other
when Numeric
return Matrix::Scalar.new(other), self
else
raise TypeError, "#{self.class} can't be coerced into #{other.class}"
end
end
collect() { |e| ... } Show source
Like Array#collect.
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 2050
def collect(&block) # :yield: e
return to_enum(:collect) unless block_given?
els = @elements.collect(&block)
self.class.elements(els, false)
end
另外别名为:map
collect2(v) { |e1, e2| ... } Show source
收集(如在 Enumerable#collect 中)在这个向量的元素上和v
结合使用。
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 1839
def collect2(v) # :yield: e1, e2
raise TypeError, "Integer is not like Vector" if v.kind_of?(Integer)
Vector.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch if size != v.size
return to_enum(:collect2, v) unless block_given?
Array.new(size) do |i|
yield @elements[i], v[i]
end
end
component(i)
别名为:[]
covector() Show source
从这个向量创建一个单行矩阵。
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 2111
def covector
Matrix.row_vector(self)
end
cross(*vs)
别名为:cross_product
cross_product(*vs) Show source
返回此向量与其他向量的叉积。
Vector[1, 0, 0].cross_product Vector[0, 1, 0] => Vector[0, 0, 1]
它被推广到其他维度来返回垂直于参数的向量。
Vector[1, 2].cross_product # => Vector[-2, 1]
Vector[1, 0, 0, 0].cross_product(
Vector[0, 1, 0, 0],
Vector[0, 0, 1, 0]
) #=> Vector[0, 0, 0, 1]
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 2025
def cross_product(*vs)
raise ErrOperationNotDefined, "cross product is not defined on vectors of dimension #{size}" unless size >= 2
raise ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (#{vs.size} for #{size - 2})" unless vs.size == size - 2
vs.each do |v|
raise TypeError, "expected Vector, got #{v.class}" unless v.is_a? Vector
Vector.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch unless v.size == size
end
case size
when 2
Vector[-@elements[1], @elements[0]]
when 3
v = vs[0]
Vector[ v[2]*@elements[1] - v[1]*@elements[2],
v[0]*@elements[2] - v[2]*@elements[0],
v[1]*@elements[0] - v[0]*@elements[1] ]
else
rows = self, *vs, Array.new(size) {|i| Vector.basis(size: size, index: i) }
Matrix.rows(rows).laplace_expansion(row: size - 1)
end
end
还有别名:cross
dot(v)
别名为:inner_product
each(&block) Show source
遍历这个向量的元素
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 1816
def each(&block)
return to_enum(:each) unless block_given?
@elements.each(&block)
self
end
each2(v) { |e1, e2| ... } Show source
迭代此矢量的元素和v
结合使用。
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 1825
def each2(v) # :yield: e1, e2
raise TypeError, "Integer is not like Vector" if v.kind_of?(Integer)
Vector.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch if size != v.size
return to_enum(:each2, v) unless block_given?
size.times do |i|
yield @elements[i], v[i]
end
self
end
element(i)
Alias for: []
elements_to_f() Show source
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 2122
def elements_to_f
warn "#{caller(1)[0]}: warning: Vector#elements_to_f is deprecated"
map(&:to_f)
end
elements_to_i() Show source
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 2127
def elements_to_i
warn "#{caller(1)[0]}: warning: Vector#elements_to_i is deprecated"
map(&:to_i)
end
elements_to_r() Show source
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 2132
def elements_to_r
warn "#{caller(1)[0]}: warning: Vector#elements_to_r is deprecated"
map(&:to_r)
end
eql?(other) Show source
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 1895
def eql?(other)
return false unless Vector === other
@elements.eql? other.elements
end
hash() Show source
返回矢量的散列码。
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 1910
def hash
@elements.hash
end
independent?(*vs) Show source
返回true
如果所有向量都是线性无关的。
Vector[1,0].independent?(Vector[0,1])
=> true
Vector[1,2].independent?(Vector[2,4])
=> false
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 1879
def independent?(*vs)
self.class.independent?(self, *vs)
end
inner_product(v) Show source
返回此矢量与另一个的内积。
Vector[4,7].inner_product Vector[10,1] => 47
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 2002
def inner_product(v)
Vector.Raise ErrDimensionMismatch if size != v.size
p = 0
each2(v) {|v1, v2|
p += v1 * v2.conj
}
p
end
另外别名为:dot
inspect() Show source
覆盖对象#检查
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 2167
def inspect
"Vector" + @elements.inspect
end
magnitude() Show source
返回矢量的模量(毕达哥拉斯距离)。
Vector[5,8,2].r => 9.643650761
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 2061
def magnitude
Math.sqrt(@elements.inject(0) {|v, e| v + e.abs2})
end
还有别名:r,norm
map()
别名为:collect
map2(v) { |e1, e2| ... } Show source
像#collect2 一样,但返回一个 Vector 而不是一个 Array。
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 2070
def map2(v, &block) # :yield: e1, e2
return to_enum(:map2, v) unless block_given?
els = collect2(v, &block)
self.class.elements(els, false)
end
norm()
别名为:magnitude
normalize() Show source
返回一个具有相同方向但具有标准1的新矢量。
v = Vector[5,8,2].normalize
# => Vector[0.5184758473652127, 0.8295613557843402, 0.20739033894608505]
v.norm => 1.0
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 2084
def normalize
n = magnitude
raise ZeroVectorError, "Zero vectors can not be normalized" if n == 0
self / n
end
r()
别名为:magnitude
round(ndigits=0) Show source
返回一个具有四舍五入到给定精度的条目的向量(请参阅 Float#round)
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 1798
def round(ndigits=0)
map{|e| e.round(ndigits)}
end
size() Show source
返回矢量中元素的数量。
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 1805
def size
@elements.size
end
to_a() Show source
返回数组中向量的元素。
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 2118
def to_a
@elements.dup
end
to_s() Show source
Overrides Object#to_s
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 2160
def to_s
"Vector[" + @elements.join(", ") + "]"
end
私有实例方法
[]=(i, v) Show source
# File lib/matrix.rb, line 1788
def []=(i, v)
@elements[i]= v
end
另外别名为:set_element,set_component
set_component(i, v)
Alias for: []=
set_element(i, v)
Alias for: []=