@媒体 | @media
@媒体
@media CSSat-rule可以根据一个或多个媒体查询的结果来应用样式,这些查询会测试设备的类型、特定特征和环境。
在CSS中,@media
规则可以放在代码的顶层,也可以嵌套在任何其他条件组。=(conditional group at-rule.)
/* Media query */
@media screen and (min-width: 900px) {
article {
padding: 1rem 3rem;
}
}
/* Nested media query */
@supports (display: flex) {
@media screen and (min-width: 900px) {
article {
display: flex;
}
}
}
除了在@media规则中应用时,媒体查询也可以应用于HTML。<link>元素将整个样式表限制为特定媒体。
<!-- Media-dependent style sheet included in HTML -->
<link rel="stylesheet" media="screen and (min-width: 900px)" href="widescreen-styles.css" />
注:
在JavaScript中,@media
可以通过CSSMediaRule
CSS对象模型接口。
语法
@media at-rule由一个或多个媒体查询组成,每个查询都包含一个可选的媒体类型和任意数量的媒体特征表达式。可以通过使用逻辑运算符以各种方式组合多个查询,而且不区分大小写。
只有当媒体查询计算为true时,即当指定的媒体类型与显示在其上的设备类型匹配时,才会应用相应的样式。以及当 所有媒体功能表达式都计算为真时,同上。
注:即使查询返回false,带有媒体查询的样式表<link>标签仍将下载。不过,除非查询结果更改为true,否则它的内容将不适用。
媒体类型
媒体类型
描述设备的一般类别。除非您使用not
或only
逻辑运算符,媒体类型是可选的,all
类型将被隐藏。
all
适用于所有设备。print
用于分页材料和在打印预览模式下在屏幕上查看的文档。请参阅传呼媒体,以及入门教程的媒体部分有关特定于分页媒体的格式化问题的信息。screen
主要用于彩色电脑屏幕。speech
用于语音合成器。
已弃用的媒体类型: CSS2.1和 Media Queries 3定义了一些额外的媒体类型(tty
, tv
, projection
, handheld
, braille
, embossed
, and aural
),但它们在Media Queries 4中被弃用,不应该被使用。aural
型已经被speech型取代,这是相似的。
媒体特征
媒体特征表达式
的特定特性的测试用户代理、输出设备或环境。它们完全是可选的。每个媒体特性表达式必须被括号包围。
Name | Summary | Notes |
---|---|---|
width | Width of the viewport | |
height | Height of the viewport | |
aspect-ratio | Width-to-height aspect ratio of the viewport | |
orientation | Orientation of the viewport | |
resolution | Pixel density of the output device | |
scan | Scanning process of the output device | |
grid | Does the device use a grid or bitmap screen? | |
update | How frequently the output device can modify the appearance of content | Added in Media Queries Level 4. |
overflow-block | How does the output device handle content that overflows the viewport along the block axis? | Added in Media Queries Level 4. |
overflow-inline | Can content that overflows the viewport along the inline axis be scrolled? | Added in Media Queries Level 4. |
color | Number of bits per color component of the output device, or zero if the device isn't color | |
color-gamut | Approximate range of colors that are supported by the user agent and output device | Added in Media Queries Level 4. |
color-index | Number of entries in the output device's color lookup table, or zero if the device does not use such a table | |
display-mode | The display mode of the application, as specified in the web app manifest's display member | Defined in the Web App Manifest spec. |
monochrome | Bits per pixel in the output device's monochrome frame buffer, or zero if the device isn't monochrome | |
inverted-colors | Is the user agent or underlying OS inverting colors? | Deferred to Media Queries Level 5. |
pointer | Is the primary input mechanism a pointing device, and if so, how accurate is it? | Added in Media Queries Level 4. |
hover | Does the primary input mechanism allow the user to hover over elements? | Added in Media Queries Level 4. |
any-pointer | Is any available input mechanism a pointing device, and if so, how accurate is it? | Added in Media Queries Level 4. |
any-hover | Does any available input mechanism allow the user to hover over elements? | Added in Media Queries Level 4. |
light-level | Light level of the environment | Deferred to Media Queries Level 5. |
scripting | Is scripting (e.g., JavaScript) available? | Deferred to Media Queries Level 5. |
device-width | Width of the rendering surface of the output device | Deprecated in Media Queries Level 4. |
device-height | Height of the rendering surface of the output device | Deprecated in Media Queries Level 4. |
device-aspect-ratio | Width-to-height aspect ratio of the output device | Deprecated in Media Queries Level 4. |
逻辑运算符
逻辑运算符
not、and
,和only
可用于编写复杂的媒体查询。您还可以使用逗号分隔的列表将多个媒体查询组合成一个规则。
and
and 运算符用于将多个媒体特性组合到一个单独的媒体查询中,要求每个链接的特性返回true,以便查询为真。它还被用于加入媒体类型的媒体功能。
not
not
运算符用于否定媒体查询,如果查询不返回false,则返回true。如果出现在逗号分隔的列表中,它只会否定应用它的特定查询。如果使用not
运算符,则必须指定显式媒体类型。
注:
not
关键字不能用于否定单个功能表达式,仅用于整个媒体查询。
only
only运算符
仅用于整个查询匹配应用样式,并且对防止旧的浏览器应用从选定的样式很有用。如果使用not运算符,则必须指定显式媒体类型。
逗号分隔列表
逗号分隔的媒体查询列表中的每个查询,都与其他查询分开处理。如果列表中的任何查询为真,则整个媒体语句返回true。换句话说,列表的行为就像逻辑运算符or
。
形式语法
@media <media-query-list> {
<group-rule-body>
}where
<media-query-list> = <media-query>#
where
<media-query> = <media-condition> | [ not | only ]? <media-type> [ and <media-condition-without-or> ]?
where
<media-condition> = <media-not> | <media-and> | <media-or> | <media-in-parens>
<media-type> = <ident>
<media-condition-without-or> = <media-not> | <media-and> | <media-in-parens>
where
<media-not> = not <media-in-parens>
<media-and> = <media-in-parens> [ and <media-in-parens> ]+
<media-or> = <media-in-parens> [ or <media-in-parens> ]+
<media-in-parens> = ( <media-condition> ) | <media-feature> | <general-enclosed>
where
<media-feature> = ( [ <mf-plain> | <mf-boolean> | <mf-range> ] )
<general-enclosed> = [ <function-token> <any-value> ) ] | ( <ident> <any-value> )
where
<mf-plain> = <mf-name> : <mf-value>
<mf-boolean> = <mf-name>
<mf-range> = <mf-name> [ '<' | '>' ]? '='? <mf-value> | <mf-value> [ '<' | '>' ]? '='? <mf-name> | <mf-value> '<' '='? <mf-name> '<' '='? <mf-value> | <mf-value> '>' '='? <mf-name> '>' '='? <mf-value>
where
<mf-name> = <ident>
<mf-value> = <number> | <dimension> | <ident> | <ratio>
实例
@media print {
body { font-size: 10pt; }
}
@media screen {
body { font-size: 13px; }
}
@media screen, print {
body { line-height: 1.2; }
}
@media only screen
and (min-device-width: 320px)
and (max-device-width: 480px)
and (resolution: 150dpi) {
body { line-height: 1.4; }
}
有关更多媒体特性示例,请参见每个特定功能的参考页面。有关更多逻辑运算符示例,请参见使用媒体查询...
规范
Specification | Status | Comment |
---|---|---|
CSS Conditional Rules Module Level 3The definition of '@media' in that specification. | Candidate Recommendation | Defines the basic syntax of the @media rule. |
Media Queries Level 4The definition of '@media' in that specification. | Working Draft | Adds scripting, pointer, hover, light-level, update-frequency, overflow-block, and overflow-inline media features. Deprecates all media types except for screen, print, speech, and all. Makes the syntax more flexible by adding, among other things, the or keyword. |
Media QueriesThe definition of '@media' in that specification. | Recommendation | No change. |
CSS Level 2 (Revision 1)The definition of '@media' in that specification. | Recommendation | Initial definition. |
浏览器兼容性
Feature | Chrome | Edge | Firefox (Gecko) | Internet Explorer | Opera | Safari |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Basic support (all, print, screen media types) | 1.0 | (Yes) | 1.0 (1.7 or earlier) | 6.0 | 9.2 | 1.3 |
speech media type | No support | No support | No support | No support | 9.2 | No support |
Media features | 1.0 | (Yes) | 1.0 (1.7 or earlier) | 9.0 | 9.2 | 1.3 |
resolution media feature | 29 | ? | 3.5 (1.9.1) 2 8.0 (8.0) 3 | ? | (Yes) | ? |
display-mode media feature | ? | No support | 47 (47)1 | ? | ? | ? |
Feature | Android | Edge | Firefox Mobile (Gecko) | IE Mobile | Opera Mobile | Safari Mobile |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Basic support (all, print, screen media types) | 1.0 | (Yes) | 1.0 (1.7) | (Yes) | 9.0 | 3.1 |
speech media type | No support | No support | No support | No support | 9.0 | No support |
Media features | 1.0 | (Yes) | 1.0 (1.7) | (Yes) | 9.0 | 3.1 |
resolution media feature | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
display-mode media feature | ? | No support | 47.0 (47)1 | ? | ? | ? |